Coherent light array for use in image projection systems

ABSTRACT

The specification discloses a coherent light array including a housing with a plurality of lenses mounted therein. A source of a coherent light beam, such as a laser, is positioned such that portions of the coherent light beam are directed through each of the lenses. The housing is rotated at a speed above the frequency response of the human eye so that pictorial noises, such as Newton Ring Patterns, are substantially reduced or eliminated when the light array is utilized in the projection of film transparencies and the like.

United States Patent [1 1 [111 3,850,515

Burch Nov. 26, 1974 [54] COHERENT LIGHT ARRAY FOR USE IN 3,597,069 8/1971 Heinoncn 350/162 SF IMAGE PROJECTION SYSTEMS 3,624,605 11/1971 Aagard 350/162 SF Jack J. Burch, Dallas, Tex.

Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, Tex.

Filed: May 1, 1972 Appl. No.: 249,257

Related US. Application Data Division of Ser. No. 055,322, July 16, 1970, Pat. No. 3,702,929.

Inventor:

Assignee:

US. Cl. 353/102, 240/1 R, 240/41 R, 350/6, 350/162 SF, 353/122 Int. Cl. G02b 3/08, G02b 19/00, F2lm l/OO Field of Search 353/102, 122; 350/6, 7, 350/169, 171, 173, 162 SF; 240/1 R, 2 R, 41 R References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 12/1969 Thomas l. 350/162 SF Primary Examiner-Louis R. Prince Assistant ExaminerSteven L. Stephan Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Harold Levine; Rene E. Grossman; Alva H. Bandy ABSTRACT 18 Claims, 9 Drawing Figures S COHERENT LIGHT ARRAY zzsvzslsu l sum 20F s 3 850 5 J NORMALIZED LENS RADIUS FIG. 4

mmzoamwm hzwumwa NORMALIZED SPATIAL FREQUENCY FIG. 5

PATENTM'UVZEIBM 3.850.515

SHE BM 3 7 LASER This invention relates to a source of coherent light,

and more particularly to a coherent array light source which tends to eliminate pictorial noises when utilized in an image projection system.

Projection systems utilizing film transparencies are presently commonly used in both commercial and mili-.

tary applications. For instance, projection systems are used to illuminate and magnify film transparencies taken by military surveillance aircraft in order to enable an accurate interpretationof the data contained on the film. In such projection systems, a relatively high intensity light source is generally focused through condenser lenses upon a film transparency. The light passes through the film transparency and is projected by a projection lens upon a display surface such as a screen. In such projection systems, it is desirable to provide the highest possible resolution and contrast.

Film projection systems heretofore developed have t commonly utilized incoherent light sources such as tungsten lamps or the like. In practice, however, such incoherent light sources have not generally provided the quality of image desired. It has thus been heretofore proposed that a coherent source of light, such as a laser, be utilized to project an image from a film transparency in order to increase the image quality. However, it was found that the use of coherent light sources often resulted in diffraction noises, such as Newton Ring Patterns, which tended to reduce the resolution of the projected image. In an effort to eliminate such pictorial noises, previous systems have thus been heretofore developed wherein tilted rotating glass plates or wedges were placed within expanded laser beams. Such systems have not, however, resulted in a completely satis factory image projection light source for practical use.

In accordance with the present invention, a coherent light source is provided which may be efficiently utilized in optical projection systems and which generally eliminates coherent pictorial noise and provides improved image resolution.

In accordance with a specific aspect of the present invention, a light projection system is provided which includes a coherent array light source for directing a plurality of spherically radiating, mutually coherent light beams along a circular path. Lenses focus the light beams upon image producing structure, and the resulting image is displayed upon a display surface.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a plurality of light beam generating devices are spaced apart along the periphery of a circle. The generating devices spherically radiate a plurality of mutually coherent light beams. The light beam generating devices are rotated around the circle while maintaining the spacing therebetween.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a coherent light array includes a housing with a plurality of lenses mounted therein. A coherent light beam is directed through the lenses and the housing is rotated at a speed above the frequency response of the human eye.

For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for further objects and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a light projection system according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a first embodiment of the present coherent light array;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view through the system shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the characteristics of the spatial filter shown in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a spatial frequency response curve representative of the present coherent light array and conventional incoherent light sources;

FIG. 6 illustrates the instantaneous spatial frequency response for the system shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a somewhat diagrammatic perspective illustration of a second embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates in greater detail the construction of the rotating lens utilized in the system of FIG. 7; and

FIG. 9 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of a third preferred embodiment according to the invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, an optical projection system according to the invention is illustrated. A coherent light array 10, to be later described, directs a coherent light beam upon a pair of condenser lenses l2 and 14. A film transparency 16, which may comprise, for instance, a film strip mounted upon rollers for translation across the coherent light beam, is disposed in the object plane adjacent the condenser lenses l2 and 14. The coherent light transmitted through the film transparency I6 is transmitted through aspatial filter l8 and through a projection lens 20. As will be later described in greater detail, an important aspect of the invention is to direct the light emitted from the coherent light array 10 such that light converges at or near the outer periphery of the projection lens 20.

The resulting image is displayed upon a viewing surface 22 which may comprise, for instance, a screen or the like. It will be understood that in a practical embodiment of the optical projection system shown in FIG. 1, that the illustrated light beams may be bent with the use of mirrors to form a compact system for installation within a console unit. The image displayed by the present system upon the viewing surface 22 is not subject to pictorial noise such as Newton Ring Patterns or the like, and is provided with excellent resolution and image quality.

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate one embodiment of a coherent array light source for use with the invention. Four optical lenses 24a-d are symmetrically disposed around the face of a cylindrical housing 26. Apertures are formed in the front face of the housing 26v so that light beams may be transmitted through each of the lenses 24a-d. Housing 26 is mounted for rotation about its central axis 28. In the diagrammatic embodiment illustrated, the housing 26'is joumaled for rotation with respect to a fixed support member 30. A drive belt 32 extends about the housing 26 and around an output shaft 34 of a motor 36. Rotation of the motor 36 thus causes rotation of the housing 26. The optical centers of the lenses 24a-d are spaced about the periphery of a circle and. upon operation of the motor 36, the lenses 24a-d are rotated about this circle. It will be understood that various other structural designs are possible for the in vention, such as the use of an annular outer housing which encloses the circular housing 26, along with a shaft extending from the center of housing 26 to a motor drive belt.

Referring particularly to FIG. 3, a laser beam 38 directs a coherent light beam through an aperture in the rear of the housing 26 for impingement with a beam splitter member 40. Beam splitter member 40 is conventional, and will typically comprise an inclined semitransparent plate which passes a portion of the coherent light beam and reflects a portion of the light beam at right angles to the transmitted light beam. As illustrated, a portion of the coherent light beam is reflected upwardly against a mirror 42, which in turn reflects the light beam through the lens 24a. A portion of the coherent light beam is transmitted through the beam splitter member 40 for impingement against a second beam splitter member 44. Beam splitter member 44 projects a portion of the coherent light beam at right angles to the line of travel of the light beam. The reflected light beam is then reflected by a mirror, not shown, and is directed through the lens 24d.

A portion of the coherent light beam from laser 38 is also reflected by a beam splitter member 46 and is reflected from a mirror, not shown, for transmission through lens 24b (not shown). The remainder of the light beam from laser 38 is reflected downwardly from a mirror 48 and is again reflected from mirror 50 for transmission through the lens 240. Each of the lenses 24a-d spherically radiates light beams which converge to focal points in front of the housing 26 along an optical plane 52. The light beams then expand to fill the condenser lenses l2 and 14 shown in FIG. 1.

It will thus be seen that each of the lenses 24a-d spherically radiates mutually coherent light beams which are directed to fill the condenser lenses of the projection system and uniformly illuminate the object plane 16. As the housing 26 rotates, any interference patterns present in the image projected on surface 22 will tend to disappear. An important aspect of the present invention is that the housing 26 is rotated at speeds faster than the frequency response, or flicker response rate, of the human eye. Thus, the mutually coherent light beams of the invention will be rotated at least approximately 30 revolutions per second. At such speeds of revolution, interference or fringe patterns in the projected image by the present light array tend to disappear in the time average. If the light generated from the coherent light array source of the invention is focused to fall inside the projection aperture defined by the projection lens 20, excellent resolution results from the pictorial display provided by the system. An image of the coherent array light source is formed by the condenser lenses on or near the plane of the projection lenses entrance pupil. A greater proportion of diffracted light components pass through the projection lens by distributing the undiffracted light through the periphery of the projection lens. A higher degree of modulation occurs for the diffracted components causing greater contrast for the image detail.

Additionally, with the use of the spatial filter 18 shown in FIG. 1, improved operation of the invention results. FIG. 4 is a graph of the amplitude transmission of a spatial filter which has been found to work well in practice with the present invention. The undiffracted component of the spatial frequency plane is projected into the filter 18 at a distance corresponding to approximately 90 percent of the full radius of the filter. The resulting normalized amplitude response of the spatial filter illustrates that the filter l8 enhances all spatial frequencies above a predetennined value. The use of the spatial filter 18 thus enhances the modulation of the frequency range of the present system by attenuating the undiffracted light component to enhance the diffracted components.

The spatial filter 18 is preferably constructed on a transparent substrate such as a glass flat or a surface of the projection lens. A grainless coating of metal such as Nichrome or Inconel is vacuum deposited upon the glass-The coating of the metal is generally only a fraction of a wavelength in thickness and introduces essentially no phase errors or aberrations into the transmitted light. For additional information on spatial filters for use with the invention, reference is made to Spatial Filters for Pattern Detection and Image Enhancement," Optoelectronics, by the present application, l(1969), pages 128-133.

Advantages of the present coherent array over the previously utilized incoherent arrays is illustrated in the graph shown in FIG. 5. Curve is representative of the spatial frequency response of an ideal incoherent source, while curve 62 is representative of the frequency response of an idealized coherent array according to the invention. Assuming perfect lenses, the present coherent array provides a higher degree of modulation than the incoherent source. In a practical system wherein imperfect lenses are utilized, the frequency response of the present coherent array falls off as indicated by curve 64. However, the incoherent light source frequency response falls off even more radically as illustrated by curve 66. In the practical case, the present coherent light array thus provides substantially improved resolution over the incoherent source.

In an actual embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 1-3, a Schneider tele-zenar, 320-mm focal length lens was utilized as the projection lens 20 and the optical path length from the image plane defined by the viewing surface 22 and the object plane defined by the film transparency 16 was about inches. A limiting aperture of 1.9 inches was employed in the spatial filter 18. A distance of 15 inches was used between the object plane as defined by the film transparency l6 and the projection lens 20, thereby resulting in a magnification of 4X. The two condenser lenses l2 and 14 were provided with diameters of eight inches and focal lengths of fifteen inches each. A helium neon laser emitting at 0.6328 micron was used as the basic light source for the coherent light array shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

When the above-described embodiment was tested, it was found that substantial improvement in resolution over an incoherent light source occurred with the use of the present substantially coherent light source, without attendant pictorial noise occurrences such as Newton Rings and the like. The degree of improvement is related to the degree of coherence of the source.

It should be noted that an alternate laser particularly suited as a light source in the coherent array is the argon ion gas laser which produces strong emission lines at 4880 A (blue) and 5145 A (green), as well as several minor emission lines. Although the 5145 A line may be separated and used alone in the present invention as a monochromatic light source, the 4880 A line is always available in the same laser for use to increase the screen brightness further. There is also some evidence that the human eye perceives greater resolution with black and white film transparencies when a polychromatic source is utilized.

FIG. 6 illustrates the region of the spatial frequency plane instantaneously covered by the response of four point sources of the coherent array which are projected by the condenser lenses onto the edge of the projection lens. The quantities to, and (n denote the coordinates of the two-dimensional spatial frequency plane. The dash line indicates the diffraction limit or the maximum spatial frequency component which can be passed. The coordinates of the spatial frequency plane are normalized to the value of 1.0 at this diffraction limit. It may be seen from FIG. 6 that at least four point sources are generally required for the rotating coherent array of the invention in order to provide adequate coverage of the projection aperture. Itwill be understood that a larger number of mutually coherent beam generating lenses could be utilized in the invention to provide improved results, with theoretically the preferred embodiment comprising a complete circle of mutually coherent light beams.

The mutual coherence of the point sources of the present array provide a beneficial effect which is distinct from incoherent light point sources. This special effect may be termed as coherent averaging in contrast to an incoherent averaging. The human eye and most other light detectors sense light intensity rather than light amplitude. The human eye always forms a time average of light intensities. Prior to intensity detection by human eye, the images formed by the multiple beams of the coherent light array are averaged in terms of light amplitude due to the mutual coherence of each beam. This averaging of amplitudes or coherent averaging does not occur when an incoherent source is used. An incoherent source results only in an averaging of light intensities. Better image quality is thus provided with the present coherent array due to the process of coherent averaging.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate the preferred form of lens array for use with the present invention. This configuration provides greater optical efficiency and a more uniform illumination of the object plane. A laser 70 of the type previously described is directed through a beam expansion lens 72. The expanded coherent light beam is focused upon a collimating lens 74.which in turn directs the expanded coherent light beam upon an integral lens array 76. As best shown in FIG. 8, the lens array 76 is constructed by removing portions of four optical lenses 78a-d to form right angles on each lens. The right angle portions are then fitted together in the manner illustrated and joined by suitable adhesive or the like to fonn a unitary lens array. The coherent light passing through the lens array 76 is focused to form four spherically radiating, mutually coherent point sources of light which diverge to fill the condenser lenses of theprojection system in the manner previously illustrated. The lens array 76 is mounted in a suitable housing 80 which may be rotated by a belt driven by a motor 84.

Although the rotating lens is illustrated schematically in FIG. 7, it will be understood that in practice the housing 80 is joumaled for rotation within a stationary housing enclosing the system. The lens array 76 is rotated at a speed above the frequency response of the human eye in order to eliminate the formation of pictorial noise in the projected image of the system. As previously noted, it is important to focus the present system such that light generated by the coherent array converges near the periphery of the projection lens aperture.

FIG. 9 somewhat diagrammatically illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein a pair of lens arrays and 92 are utilized. Each of the arrays 90 and 92 is identical to the lens array illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8. The lenses are mounted within a rotatable housing 94 and are biased apart by a spring 96. A suitable belt 98 is connected to a motor for rotation of the housing 94 in the manner previously described. A member 100 is movable with respect to the housing 94 in order to vary the spacing identifiedas d between the lens arrays 90 and 92. A coherent light beam'from a laser 102 is directed through a beam-expander lens 104 for impingement upon a collimating lens 106..

The expanded coherent light beam is then transmitted through the rotating lens array 90 and 92 to form four spherically radiating, mutually coherent light beams which expand to fill the condenser lenses of the projection system. Lens array 92 focuses light at one focal length distance, while the lens array 90 is placed closer to the point focus than its focal length. Therefore, the light emerging from lens array 90 tends to diverge. This divergence angle may be varied by altering the distance d between the lens arrays 90 and 92. Additionally, the location of the point sources of light with respect to the condenser lenses of the system may be controlled by variances in the distance d between the lens array 92 and the collimating lens 106. The elements of the lens arrays 90 and 92 may be slightly inclined in order to depress the cone angle of the light generated thereby by about 1.5". By selectively varying v the distances d and d substantial variations of magnification and divergence angle 6 may be obtained.

Whereas the present invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various changes and modifications will be suggested to one skilled in the art, and it is intended to encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A light projection system comprising:

a substantially coherent array light source for providing a plurality of spherically radiating, substantially mutually coherent light beams spaced around a circular path,

means for rotating said light beams along said circular path,

means for directing said light beams through image producing means, and

means for projecting said image.

2. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said means for projecting comprises:

projection lens means for projecting said image, said light beams being spaced for convergence at locations near the outer periphery of said projection lens.

3. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said light beams are rotated at a speed above the frequency response of the human eye.

4. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said image producing means includes a transparency through which said light beams are projected upon a surface.

5. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said coherent light array comprises:

a laser, and

a plurality of lenses with the optical axes thereof spaced in a circular configuration for transmitting portions of the substantially coherent light beam generated by said laser.

6. The light projection system of claim 1 and further comprising a spatial filter disposed in the path of said light beams for modifying transmissivity characteristics of said image.

7. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said coherent light array comprises:

an arc lamp, and

a plurality of lenses with the optical axes thereof spaced in a circular configuration for transmitting portions of the substantially coherent light beam generated by said are lamp.

8. A light projection system comprising:

a member including a plurality of lenses associated therewith, said lenses having their optical centers disposed along a circle, and said member being rotated about the center axis of said circle,

a source for producing a substantially coherent light beam,

means for directing portions of said beam through said lenses to produce a plurality of spherically radiating substantially mutually coherent light beams, and

means for directing said light beams through image producing means.

9. The light projection system of claim 8 further including means for projecting said image.

10. The light projection system of claim 9, wherein said means for projecting comprises projection lens means, and said light beams are spaced for convergence near the outer periphery of said projection lens means.

11. The light projection system of claim 9 further including a surface upon which said image is projected.

12. The light projection system of claim 8 wherein the light beams are rotated at a speed above the flicker response rate of the human eye.

13. The light projection system of claim 8 wherein said lenses form a unitary lens array.

14. The light projection system of claim 13 wherein said unitary lens array is formed with each of said lens having a right angle formed therein and joined together atsaid right angle.

15. The projection system of claim 8 further including lens means directing said light beam from said source to said plurality of lenses.

16. The light projection system according to claim 8 wherein the image producing means includes a transparency through which said light beams are projected.

17. The light projection system of claim 8 wherein said source is a laser.

18. The light projection system of claim 8 wherein said source is an arc lamp. 

1. A light projection system comprising: a substantially coherent array light source for providing a plurality of spherically radiating, substantially mutually coherent light beams spaced around a circular path, means for rotating said light beams along said circular path, means for directing said light beams through image producing means, and means for projecting said image.
 2. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said means for projecting comprises: projection lens means for projecting said image, said light beams being spaced for convergence at locations near the outer periphery of said projection lens.
 3. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said light beams are rotated at a speed above the frequency response of the human eye.
 4. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said image producing means includes a transparency through which said light beams are projected upon a surface.
 5. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said coherent light array comprises: a laser, and a plurality of lenses with the optical axes thereof spaced in a circular configuration for transmitting portions of the substantially coherent light beam generated by said laser.
 6. The light projection system of claim 1 and further comprising a spatial filter disposed in the path of said light beams for modifying transmissivity characteristics of said image.
 7. The light projection system of claim 1 wherein said coherent light array comprises: an arc lamp, and a plurality of lenses with the optical axes thereof spaced in a circular configuration for transmitting portions of the substantially coherent light beam generated by said arc lamp.
 8. A light projection system comprising: a member including a plurality of lenses associated therewith, said lenses having their optical centers disposed along a circle, and said member being rotated about the center axis of said circle, a source for producing a substantially coherent light beam, means for directing portions of said beam through said lenses to produce a plurality of spherically radiating substantially mutually coherent light beams, and means for directing said light beams through image producing means.
 9. The light projection system of claim 8 further including means for projecting said image.
 10. The light projection system of claim 9, wherein said means for projecting comprises projection lens means, and said light beams are spaced for convergence near the outer periphery of said projection lens means.
 11. The light projection system of claim 9 further including a surface upon which said image is projected.
 12. The light projection system of claim 8 wherein the light beams are rotated at a speed above the flicker response rate of the human eye.
 13. The Light projection system of claim 8 wherein said lenses form a unitary lens array.
 14. The light projection system of claim 13 wherein said unitary lens array is formed with each of said lens having a right angle formed therein and joined together at said right angle.
 15. The projection system of claim 8 further including lens means directing said light beam from said source to said plurality of lenses.
 16. The light projection system according to claim 8 wherein the image producing means includes a transparency through which said light beams are projected.
 17. The light projection system of claim 8 wherein said source is a laser.
 18. The light projection system of claim 8 wherein said source is an arc lamp. 